The region's economy is highly diversified. The industrial sector is represented by enterprises in various industries, from traditional mechanical engineering (Kolomensky Zavod,
Metrovagonmash) to high-tech manufacturing in Korolev. Knowledge-intensive industries have been particularly developed, with leading biotechnology and chemistry research institutes concentrated in the science cities of Pushchino and Chernogolovka.
Agriculture remains important, especially in the southern regions. The region is a leader in the production of potatoes, greenhouse vegetables, and dairy products. Large agricultural holdings (
Cherkizovo,
EkoNiva) are actively implementing modern farming and livestock farming technologies.